![]() ![]() Roman sarcophagus (3rd century AD) depicting a sequence of the Labours of Hercules: the Nemean lion, the Lernaean Hydra, the Erymanthian boar, the Ceryneian hind, the Stymphalian birds, the belt of Hippolyta, the Augean stables, the Cretan Bull, and the Mares of Diomedes Festivals and rituals A fresco from Herculaneum depicting Heracles and Achelous from Greco- Roman mythology, 1st century AD It is mentioned by Pliny, who attributes it to the legendary Evander. Hercules Triumphalis ("Triumphal"), represented by a statue in the Forum Boarium, was dressed in the regalia of a triumphator when a triumph was held.Hercules Olivarius ("the Olive Merchant"), in reference to a statue of Hercules dedicated by the guild of olive merchants.Hercules Musarum ("the Muses' Hercules", Greek Herakles Musagetes), created when Fulvius Nobilior dedicated statues of the Muses to a temple of Hercules.Hercules Magnus ("the Great"), honored with games ( ludi) that may have been first officially established by Sulla.Hercules Invictus ("the Unconquered"), at the Ara Maxima women were excluded from this cult.Hercules Augustus or Hercules Augusti, Hercules "in his capacity as protector of the ruling emperor.".The altar of Jupiter Praestes at Tibur was also alleged to have been established by Hercules himself. Vitulia as a name for the Italian peninsula supposedly came into usage because Hercules chased a runaway bullock ( vitulus) there. Several place names in Italy were connected to Hercules' adventures. He then transferred a statue group of the Muses from his private collection to dedicate at the temple, which later housed the Roman poets' guild ( collegium poetarum). When he became censor, he erected a portico around an earlier temple of Hercules, most likely that of Hercules Magnus Custos ("Hercules the Great Guardian") in the Campus Martius. Fulvius Nobilior had attracted harsh criticism for enriching himself excessively with booty plundered from Greek temples during his military campaigns. The poet Ennius may have influenced or contributed to their composition. The latter displayed fasti attributed to its founder Marcus Fulvius Nobilior, which Rüpke places among the earliest Latin antiquarian literature. The Temple of Hercules Victor, which still stands, is atypically round, as was the first Temple of Hercules Musarum near the Circus Flaminius. ![]() ![]() Several Augustan writers offer narratives of the hero's time in Rome to explain the presence of the Ara Maxima dedicated to Hercules in the Forum Boarium, the cattle market named because of Geryon's stolen herd. By the 5th century BC, the mythological tradition was well established that Hercules had visited Rome during his tenth labor, when he stole the cattle of Geryon in the far west and drove them through Italy. The cult of Hercules reached Rome as early as the 6th century BC, celebrated at a temple next to the shrine of Carmenta and the Carmental Gate. Temples and topography A Roman gilded silver bowl depicting the boy Hercules strangling two serpents, from the Hildesheim Treasure, 1st century AD, Altes Museum ĭionysius of Halicarnassus places Hercules among divine figures honored at Rome "whose souls after they had left their mortal bodies are said to have ascended to Heaven and to have obtained the same honors as the gods." His apotheosis thus served as one model during the Empire for the concept of the deified emperor. Some Greek sources as early as the 6th and 5th century BC gave Heracles Roman connections during his famous labors. The Romans adapted Greek myths and the iconography of Heracles into their own literature and art, but the hero developed distinctly Roman characteristics. In ancient Roman religion and myth, Hercules was venerated as a divinized hero and incorporated into the legends of Rome's founding. For the Greek divine hero from which the Roman Hercules developed, see Heracles. ![]()
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